Contents

xiii

14.2.4

Advantages of Bioleaching Over Other Methods

210

14.2.5

Limitation of Bioleaching Over Other Methods

210

14.3

E-Waste, What Are They?

210

14.3.1

E-Waste Production Scale

211

14.3.2

Pollution Caused by E-Waste

211

14.3.3

General Methods of E-Waste Treatment

212

14.4

Role of Microbes in Bioleaching of E-Waste

212

14.4.1

Bacteria

212

14.4.2

Fungi

213

14.4.3

Actinobacteria and Cyanogenic Organisms

213

14.5

Application of Bioleaching for Recovery of Individual Metals

214

14.5.1

Gold

214

14.5.2

Silver

215

14.5.3

Copper

215

14.5.4

Nickel

215

14.6

Large-Scale Bioleaching of E-Waste

215

14.7

Future Aspects

215

List of Abbreviations

216

References

216

Part V

Bioreactors for Zero Waste

219

15

Photobiological Reactors for the Degradation of Harmful

Compounds in Wastewaters

221

Naveen B. Kilaru, Nelluri K. Durga Devi, and Kondepati Haritha

15.1

Introduction

221

15.2

Photobiological Agents and Methods Used in PhotoBiological

Reactors

222

15.2.1

Microbes Acting as Photobiological Agents in Various Photobiological

Reactors for the Remediation of Wastewater

222

15.2.1.1

Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment by Immobilized Cells of Aspergillus

niger

222

15.2.1.2

Isolation of Alkane-Degrading Bacteria from Petroleum Tank

Wastewater

224

15.2.1.3

Development of Microbubble Aerator for Wastewater Treatment by

Means of Aerobic Activated Sludge

224

15.2.1.4

Wastewater Produced from an Oilfield and Incessant Treatment with an

Oil-Degrading Bacterium

225

15.2.1.5

Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (a Plant Pathogen) as an Apt to Enteric

Virus

225

15.2.1.6

Cyanobacteria as a Bio-resource in Making of Bio-fertilizer and Biofuel

from Wastewaters

226

15.2.1.7

Bio-sorption of Copper and Lead Ions by Surplus Beer Yeast

226